The ocean is home to millions of species, with many more waiting to be discovered. This marine biodiversity provides countless benefits ranging from food to economic and recreational opportunities and more. Over 3 billion people — almost half the global population — depend directly on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods.
However, marine life is being lost an alarming rate. Researchers estimate that around one-third of marine mammals, sharks (and their relatives) and reef-forming corals are threatened with extinction. This decline in nature is not only a problem for ocean creatures, but for planetary and human health.
The next UN conference on the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15), taking place December 7th-19th in Montreal, offers an opportunity to help safeguard global biodiversity, including ocean life — but only if delegates leave with a strong international agreement in place.
Why the UN’s Biodiversity Agreement Matters
In 2002, parties to the UN’s Convention on Biological Diversity committed to significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. This commitment, however, was not met.
In 2010, a new plan was agreed under the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets, a 10-year plan to protect and conserve natural systems by 2020. These targets also went unmet by their 2020 deadline.
The repeated bypassing of these targets has led to the continued decline of global biodiversity and the benefits it provides. Meanwhile, wildlife populations have dropped by an average 69% over the last 50 years, according to the most recent Living Planet report.
With so much at stake, many are calling for world leaders to strike a “Paris Agreement for nature” at COP15. Known as the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework, a new international agreement would set targets for all countries to meet by 2030, as well as goals to meet by 2050 that will set humans on a path to “living in harmony with nature by 2050.”
While the conference and any agreement it produces are broader than just protecting the ocean, covering targets for forests, deserts, grasslands and freshwater ecosystems, among others, whatever winds up in the final agreement has tremendous implications for the future of ocean health — and for all of us.
What Should Be Included in the Next Biodiversity Framework?
The ocean’s health and the vast benefits it provides for humanity depend on countries adopting strong targets for sustainable use within the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework and employing strong national management plans.
Step 1: Protect at least 30% of the planet.
Half the planet must be kept in a natural state in order to address both the biodiversity crisis and the climate crisis, according to growing scientific research. Experts agree that a necessary and scientifically credible interim goal is to achieve a minimum of 30% protection of the world’s land and ocean by 2030 — also known as 30×30.
Momentum has been building for this target thanks to the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People, an intergovernmental group of more than 100 countries championing the inclusion of a global 30×30 deal in the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework and pushing for its ratification of this.
Adopting the 30×30 target is a critical starting point for protecting the ocean and all its resources.
Step 2: Going beyond 30×30 in the ocean.
While adopting a deal with provisions to protect at least 30% of the planet is step one, it’s not enough to ensure a healthy ocean. As an interconnected, flowing system, simply setting aside a swathe of ocean isn’t enough to ensure marine biodiversity has what it needs to thrive.
For one, designating a protected area is not the same as truly protecting it. Currently, of the 17% of global waters under national jurisdiction that are designated as Marine Protected Areas, only 6.2% are closed or limited to extractive or destructive activities.
And second, the 30×30 approach to ocean conservation cannot work if the remaining 70% is left unprotected and unmanaged. There are no barriers in the ocean. Pollutants such as agricultural runoff can flow freely across boundaries, while overfishing in one area of the ocean affects wildlife populations in the surrounding waters.
Furthermore, looming large over conservation efforts is the threat of climate change, which has the potential to undo local interventions. Meaningful climate change action is needed to reduce the threats posed by ocean heating, acidification and sea level rise.
What the ocean really needs is a holistic approach to its management.
Advancing 100% Sustainable Ocean Management
After countries agree to the 30×30 target, it is vital that marine and coastal states progress beyond the framework to sustainably manage 100% of the waters under their jurisdiction.
The good news is that some countries are already leading this work. The High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy is a global initiative of 17 leaders working to ensure protection, sustainable production and equity in ocean-based industries. This group has commissioned research into various aspects of an ocean economy and laid out what 100% sustainable management looks like in its action agenda. The agenda includes ensuring people benefit equitably from the ocean, reducing emissions by accelerating ocean-based climate action, investing in projects that accelerate ocean-based renewable energy and more.
The 17 countries of the Ocean Panel aim to sustainably manage 100% of the ocean area under their national jurisdictions, with some having already implemented sustainable ocean initiatives.
For example, Mexico’s Kuxatur represents a solid step towards the consolidation of responsible and sustainable tourism in Mexico, recognizing that vibrant ecosystems are the foundation of a thriving tourism industry.
Kenya’s Mikoko Pamoja initiative is the world’s first community-led mangrove forest restoration and protection project, supported through the sale of carbon credits. Chile’s Blue BOAT initiative works to protect whales by developing an early warning system for vessels in maritime traffic routes. Buoys collect data and measure whale activity to help ensure they are not impacted by vessels in the area.
These are the sorts of national measures that are necessary to ensure the 30×30 target and the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework deliver on their intention to get people to live in harmony with nature.
The Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework and a Sustainable Ocean Economy
Delegates at COP15 will be sitting down to try to mutually agree the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework to tackle biodiversity loss. Recent analysis demonstrates an 85% overlap of the Ocean Panel’s action agenda and the draft Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework targets. This overlap indicates that developing a sustainable ocean economy is action for biodiversity.
Ambitious new goals that safeguard the ocean are crucial to protecting our planet’s biodiversity. But to be truly successful, protection efforts must be comprehensive, effective and equitable. Indeed, action towards a sustainable ocean economy is an investment in a triple-win for people, nature and the economy.
